ATIVIDADE
3 DE READING 1.
Atividade
de Aprendizagem nº 03
1.
Leia o seguinte texto utilizando a estratégia Skimming e escreva com
suas palavras sobre o que o texto aborda.
The electric light was a failure.
Maggie Koerth-Baker
Invented by the British chemist Humphry
Davy in the early 1800s, it spent nearly 80 years being passed from one
initially hopeful researcher to another, like some not-quite-housebroken puppy.
In 1879, Thomas Edison finally figured out how to make an incandescent light
bulb that people would buy. But that didn’t mean the technology immediately
became successful. It took another 40 years, into the 1920s, for electric
utilities to become stable, profitable businesses. And even then, success
happened only because the utilities created other reasons to consume
electricity. They invented the electric toaster and the electric curling iron
and found lots of uses for electric motors. They built Coney Island. They
installed electric streetcar lines in any place large enough to call itself a town.
All of this, these frivolous gadgets and pleasurable diversions, gave us the
light bulb. We tend to rewrite the histories of technological innovation,
making myths about a guy who had a great idea that changed the world. In
reality, though, innovation isn’t the goal; it’s everything that gets you
there. It’s bad financial decisions and blueprints for machines that weren’t
built until decades later. It’s the important leaps forward that synthesize
lots of ideas,
and it’s the belly-up failures that teach
us what not to do. When we ignore how innovation actually works, we make it
hard to see what’s happening right in front of us today. If you don’t know that
the incandescent light was a failure before it was a success, it’s easy to
write off some modern energy innovations — like solar panels — because they
haven’t hit the big time fast enough.
Worse, the fairy-tale view of history implies that
innovation has an end. It doesn’t. What we want and what we need keeps
changing. The incandescent light was a 19th-century failure and a 20th- century
success. Now it’s a failure again, edged out by new technologies, like LEDs, that were, themselves, failures for
many years. That’s what this issue is about: all the little failures,
trivialities and notquite-solved mysteries that make the successes possible.
This is what innovation looks like. It’s messy, and it’s awesome.
_O texto trata
de inovação e suas implicações e bate na tecla de como criamos mitos sobre um
cara que teve uma grande ideia que mudou o mundo. Só que a inovação em si, não
é objetivo, e sim, tudo o que leva você até lá. A luz elétrica foi um fracasso
inicialmente e só alcançou o sucesso mais de um século depois. A lâmpada
elétrica foi um fracasso no século 19 e um sucesso no século 20. O inventor da
lâmpada elétrica, Thomas Alva Edison, definiu bem o sentido da inovação ao
falar sobre o conceito de genialidade. “Gênio é um por cento de inspiração e
noventa e nove por cento de transpiração” ele teria dito.
2.
Leia novamente o texto e diga qual sua ideia principal.
_ A ideia principal trata de
inovação e fracasso e inovação e
sucesso, na forma como uma grande ideia encontra resistência na sua fase
inicial, mas com o tempo, acaba sendo bem sucedida.
3.
Veja o texto a seguir. Observando o título do texto, o que você pode dizer
sobre o que texto irá abordar? E quais pontos você acha que ele irá tratar?
The History of Pizza
One of the most popular foods around the
world today is pizza. Pizza restaurants are popular everywhere from Beijing to Moscow
to Rio, and even in the United States, the home of the hamburger, there are
more pizza restaurants than hamburger places. This worldwide love for pizza is
a fairly recent phenomenon. Before the 1950s, pizza was a purely Italian food,
with a long history in southern Italy.
The origins of pizza are somewhat
uncertain, though they may go back to the Greeks (pita bread) or even
earlier. Under the Roman Empire, Italians often ate flat circles of bread,
which they may have flavored with olive oil, cheese, and herbs.
By about the year 1000 A.D. in the area
around Naples, this bread had a name: picea. This early kind of pizza
lacked one of the main ingredients we associate with pizza: the tomato. In
fact, tomatoes did not exist in Europe until the sixteenth century, when
Spanish explorers brought them back from South America. The Spanish showed
little interest in tomatoes, but southern Italians soon began to cultivate them
and use them in cooking. At some point in the 1600s, Neapolitan tomatoes were
added to pizza, as it was known by then.
The next development in pizza making came
about, according to legend, in June 1889, when a Neapolitan pizza maker was
asked to make pizza for the king and queen. To show his patriotism, he decided
to make it green, white, and red, like the Italian flag, using basil leaves,
mozzarella and tomato. He named his pizza "Margherita," after the
queen, and that is what this classic kind of pizza is still called today. In
Italy, pizza remained a specialty of Naples and other areas of the south until
well into the twentieth century. Then, in the 1950s and 60s, when many
southerners moved to the north to work in the new factories, pizzerias opened
up in many northern Italian cities. By the 1980s, they could be found all over
the country and pizza had become a part of the Italian way of life.
Today, pizza has become so common in so
many countries that its Italian origins are often forgotten. Indeed, the global
versions of pizza made with all kinds of ingredients have little in common with
the Neapolitan original, as anyone knows who has tasted a pizza in Naples.
(Source: Wikipedia.com)
Supporting points (main ideas):
_O
texto trata da história da Pizza, sua origem e a forma como ela se espalhou
pelo mundo
Paragraph 2:
_ A
origem da Pizza é incerta, sendo sua invenção atribuída aos gregos
inicialmente, embora no Império Romano, existisse um preparado de massa com
azeite de oliva, queijo e ervas.
Paragraph 3:
_
Por volta do ano 1000 d.C, em Nápoles ela recebeu o nome de “picea”, ou seja,
Pizza, embora o tomate, um de seus ingredientes mais populares só tenha sido
adicionado por volta de 1600 d.C.
Paragraph
4:
_ Em junho de 1889, um pizzaiolo
napolitano, preparou um pizza com as cores da bandeira italiana, em homenagem
ao Rei e à Rainha. Nas cores verde, branco e vermelho, surgia a pizza batizada
de “Margherita”
Paragraph
5:
_ A partir dos anos 50 do século 20, as
pizzarias se espalharam pela Itália e nos anos 80, a pizza era parte integrante
do jeito italiano de ser.
Paragraph
6:
_
Nos tempos atuais a pizza está presente em todo o mundo, e a sua origem
italiana é com frequência esquecida.
. Atividade de Aprendizagem nº
04
Leia os textos a
seguir e responda as perguntas abaixo:
TEXTO 1:
World Hunger and Resources
The 4.8 pounds of grain fed to cattle to produce one
pound of beef for human beings represents a colossal waste of resources in a
world still teeming with people who suffer from profound hunger and
malnutrition. According to the British group Vegfam, a 10-acre farm can support
60 people growing soybeans, 24 people growing wheat, 10 people growing corn and
only two producing cattle. Britain—with 56 million people—could support a
population of 250 million on an all-vegetable diet. Because 90 percent of U.S.
and European meat eaters" grain consumption is indirect (first being fed
to animals), westerners each consume 2,000 pounds of grain a year. Most grain
in underdeveloped countries is consumed directly.
While it is true that many animals graze on land that
would be unsuitable for cultivation, the demand for meat has taken millions of productive
acres away from farm inventories. The cost of that is incalculable. As Diet
For a Small Planet author Frances Moore Lappé writes, imagine sitting down
to an eight-ounce steak. "Then imagine the room filled with 45 to 50
people with empty bowls in front of them. For the "feed cost" of your
steak, each of their bowls could be filledwith a full cup of cooked cereal
grains."
Harvard nutritionist Jean Mayer estimates that
reducing meat production by just 10 percent in the U.S. would free enough grain
to feed 60 million people. Authors Paul and Anne Ehrlich note that a pound of
wheat can be grown with 60 pounds of water, whereas a pound of meat requires
2,500to 6,000 pounds.
TEXTO 2:
Telefonica and Vodafone to Combine Mobile Forces in
Britain
BERLIN — Telefónica and Vodafone said
Thursday they planned to combine their wireless phone grids in Britain and
jointly build a new, superfast network to keep pace with the market leader,
Everything Everywhere, a joint venture of T-Mobile and France Télécom. Combining
the networks of O2 U.K., the No. 2 British operator owned by Telefónica, and
Vodafone U.K., the No. 3, will enable the carriers to split the costs of
building a national mobile broadband network next year using Long Term
Evolution, or LTE, technology. The British government plans to sell broadcast
spectrum for LTE service by the end of this year.
At a press conference in London, the Vodafone U.K.
chief executive, Guy Laurence, and the Telefónica U.K. chief executive, Ronan
Dunne, said the carriers would continue to operate competing services and would
even bid against each other in Britain’s upcoming 4G spectrum auction.
But the combination will let both save on operating
and equipment costs. One physical grid running independent networks will mean
greater efficiency, fewer site builds, broader coverage and, crucially,
investment in innovation and better competition for the customer,” Mr. Dunne
said.
Europe’s mobile phone market has roughly 60 distinct
network operators, according to the GSM Association, a London group representing
the industry. That level of infrastructure is about three times the density in
North America and Asia, and operators are increasingly collaborating on grids
with rivals to reduce operating costs and future upgrades.
Vodafone and Telefónica plan to place their U.K.
networks into a 50-50 venture, which will encompass a combined 18,500 cell
tower masts, an increase of roughly 40 percent for each operator. Telefónica
already shares its network with Vodafone in Spain and with T-Mobile in the
Czech Republic. The U.K. venture expands on a previous equipment sharing partnership
called Cornerstone between O2 and Vodafone begun in 2009.
(…)
Fonte:
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/08/technology/telefonica-and-vodafone-tocombine-
mobile-forces-in-britain.html?ref=technology#h[BTaBTa]
1. Em qual dos
textos você encontra dados sobre a fome no mundo? Como você achou essa informação?
_ No texto 1. A partir da afirmação de que pessoas
ainda passam fome no mundo e sofrem de desnutrição, decorrente da falta de
alimentos.
2. O que indicam
os números no parágrafo 02 do texto 01? Que conclusão você tira da leitura
desses números?
_ Indicam a área
de campos que podem ser cultivados para tornar auto-suficiente um determinado
grupo de pessoas.
3. Quem é o
nutricionista de Harvard e o que ele pensa sobre a questão da
distribuição de
alimentos? Onde você encontrou essa informação?
_ O nutricionista Jean Mayer, estima que uma redução
de dez por cento na produção de carne nos Estados Unidos, pode estimular a
produção de grãos suficiente para alimentar 60 milhões de pesssoas.
Esta informação consta do último parágrafo do texto
01.
4. Em que texto
você encontra dados sobre a união de duas companhias
telefônicas na
Inglaterra? O que levou você a perceber isso?
_ No texto 2. O próprio título do texto enfatiza que
as duas companhias pretendem juntar forças para dominar o mercado de telefonia
no Reino Unido.